By J. Lewis Blackburn
Technological advances and structural adjustments in the electrical application mandate that security engineers strengthen an outstanding realizing of the comparable new applied sciences in addition to of strength procedure operations and economics with a view to functionality proficiently. carrying on with within the bestselling culture of the former versions via the overdue J. Lewis Blackburn, protecting Relaying: rules and functions, 3rd variation keeps the basics of defense relays and tool process safety whereas incorporating new advancements within the box. completely up to date and revised, this 3rd version makes a speciality of technological adjustments within the layout of protecting structures, the sensible issues of strength method safety encountered by means of clients, and the recommendations for shielding usual amenities utilized in glossy energy systems.
New to the 3rd Edition
Building at the excellence of the previous variants, this booklet will proceed to function a easy reference for newbies to the realm in addition to for skilled engineers. through sharing his first-hand adventure with defense practices, the writer bargains worthy real looking perception into this field.
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Additional resources for Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Third Edition
Sample text
Have. All adjuncts should be evaluated carefully to assure that they really, and significantly, contribute to improve the system protection. 5 ECONOMICS It is fundamental to obtain the maximum protection for the minimum cost, and cost is always a major factor. The lowest-priced, initial-cost-protective system may not be the most reliable one; furthermore, it may involve greater difficulties in installation and operation, as well as higher maintenance costs. Protection costs are considered high when considered alone, but they should be evaluated in the light of the higher cost of the equipment they are protecting, and the cost of an outage or loss of the protected equipment through improper protection.
9 FUTURE EXPANSION The system growth or changes that are likely to occur within a reasonable time and are known or planned should be indicated. Not all of the foregoing items necessarily apply to a specific problem or system requirement, but this checklist should assist in providing a better understanding of the protection problems and requirements. Usually, the fault study, together with related information, will provide information on the measurable quantities (handles) to which the protective relays can respond.
In general, alarm units serve as monitoring functions. 5 AUXILIARY RELAYS Auxiliary units are used throughout a protective system for a variety of purposes. Generally, there are two categories: contact multiplication and circuit isolation. In relaying and control systems there are frequent requirements for (1) more outputs for multiple tripping, alarms, and operating other equipment, such as recording and data acquisition, lockout, and so on, (2) contacts that will handle higher currents or voltages in the secondary systems, and (3) electrical and magnetic isolation of several secondary circuits.